Papa papa kila

ʻO ke kuhuna kila kahi ʻano nui o ka hale kūkulu, i hana nui ʻia i ke kila.

He kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika o ka hanana, kaupaona make māmā a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa kiʻekiʻe, no laila kūpono loa ia no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale lōʻihi a kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe loa hoʻi. ke kuhi o nā mechanics ʻenehana laulā. He plasticity a paʻakikī ka maikaʻi o nā mea, hiki ke loaʻa i ka deformation nui, a hiki ke halihali maikaʻi i ka ukana ikaika.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā hōkele, nā keʻena o nā keʻena, nā keʻena o nā keʻena a me nā hale kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe aʻe kiʻekiʻe ...

ʻO ke kūkulu hale kila kahi ʻano hou o ka ʻōnaehana hale, kahi i wāwahi i ka palena ʻoihana ma waena o nā ʻoihana waiwai, ʻoihana kūkulu hale a me nā ʻoihana metallurgy, a lilo i ʻōnaehana ʻoihana hou, ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana kūkulu kila i manaʻo nui ʻia e ka poʻe insiders.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hale paʻa kuʻuna, pani nā hale kūkulu kila i ka pōhaku paʻa me ka pā kila a i ʻole ka paukū paukū, me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ke ōlaʻi. A no ka mea hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea hana, hoʻouka ma kahi pūnaewele, no laila hoʻemi loa i ka lōʻihi. ka hoʻohana hou ʻia o ke kila, hiki ke hōʻemi nui i nā ʻōpala kūkulu, ʻoi aku ka pale o ke kaiapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no laila hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka honua, noi ʻia i nā hale ʻoihana a me nā hale kūloko.

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka noi o ke kūkulu kila i nā hale kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe hoʻi e lilo i mākua, e hele a lilo i ʻenehana kūkulu mainstream, ʻo ia ke alakaʻi no ka hoʻolālā i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

ʻO ka hale kūkulu kila kahi hale me ka halihali ukana i hana ʻia i ke kūkulu kila. ʻO nā kaola, nā kolamu, nā kaʻa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻāpana kila a me nā kila ke hana i nā halihali ukana. Me ka kaupaku, ka papahele a me nā paia, hana ia a pau. hale.

Kūkulu ka ʻāpana o ka hale i ka ʻōwili wela e hana ana i ka Angle, ke kahawai, I - kaola, H - kaola a me ka paipu kila, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka hale e hana ana i ke kūkulu ʻia e kāna ʻāpana i kapa ʻia he ʻāpana kūkulu kila. , wili ʻana a i ʻole ʻaoʻao wili paha o ka L-shaped, U-shaped, Z a me ka tubular hoʻokalakupua ʻia me ka kila lahilahi, a ʻo kāna a me nā kila liʻiliʻi e like me ke keleawe Angle, ka hao a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e ka hale kūkulu halihali ukana. , i kapa ʻia ma ke ʻano he hale kila kila. Aia kekahi hale paʻa kaula uwea kila, no ka hale kūkulu kila hoʻi.

ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka modulus elela o ke kila, nā mea like, hana ʻia i ka plasticity plasticity a me ka paʻakikī, kiʻekiʻe kikoʻī, hoʻonoho maʻalahi, kekelē kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana, kūkulu wikiwiki.

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o The Times, nā ʻenehana e kū nei a me nā kumuwaiwai, kūkulu kila e like me ke ʻano o ka halihali ʻana i ka halihali hale, ua lōʻihi loa a oʻo hoʻi, ua lōʻihi nā mea kūkulu hale kūpono .......