ʻO ka hale kūkulu kila kahi ʻano hou o ka ʻōnaehana hale, kahi e wehe ai i nā palena ʻoihana ma waena o ka ʻoihana waiwai, ʻoihana hana a me nā ʻoihana metallurgy a hoʻohui ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana ʻoihana hou. ʻO kēia ka ʻōnaehana kūkulu hale kila i makemake nui ʻia e ka ʻoihana.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hale pōkole kuʻuna, nā hale hana kila e pani i ka pōhaku i hoʻonui ʻia me nā papa kila a i ʻole ka paukū paukū, ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa seismic ʻoi aku. Ma muli o ka hiki ke hana i nā mea hana i ka hale hana a kau ʻia ma ka pūnaewele, hoʻemi nui ʻia ka wā kūkulu. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana hou ʻia o ke kila, hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i nā ʻōpala kūkulu a ʻoi aku ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo aʻoluʻolu kūlohelohe, no laila hoʻohana ākea ia i nā hale ʻoihana a me nā hale civila a puni ka honua. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka noi ʻana o nā hale kūkulu kila i nā hale kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe hoʻi e piʻi a oʻo a lilo i ʻenehana kūkulu maʻamau, ʻo ia ke alakaʻi hoʻomohala o nā hale e hiki mai ana.

ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kila he hale hoʻoili hana i hana ʻia i ke kūkulu kila. ʻO nā kaola, nā kolamu, nā trusses a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hana mau ʻia i nā papa kila a me nā papa kila e hana i kahi hana halihali. Hana ʻia kahi hale piha me ka hale, ka papahele, ka paia a me nā pā paʻa ʻē aʻe.

Kūkulu ka paukū paukū e pili ana i ke kila aniani i ʻōwili ʻia, ke kila kila, ka lāʻau I, ka lāʻau H a me ka paipu kila. ʻO nā hale me nā hale hoʻoili ukana i haku ʻia i kā lākou mau mea i kapa ʻia he hale kūkulu kila. Hoʻohui ʻia, nā pā kila paia e like me ka L-shaped, U-shaped, Z a me tubular, kahi i anuanu ʻia e nā papa kila lahilahi a crimped a uncrimped paha, a kūkulu ʻia nā hale kūkulu e halihali ana e lākou a me nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia. o nā pā hao liʻiliʻi e like me nā hao hao a me nā kī hao i kapa ʻia he mau hale kūkulu kila kila. Aia kekahi i kūkulu ʻia i nā kaula uea me nā kaula kila, a ʻo ia hoʻi nā hale kila.

He kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika o ke kila a me ka modulus uila, nā mea like, pono plasticity a me ka paʻakikī, kiʻekiʻe pololei, hoʻonohonoho pono, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana a me ke kūkulu wikiwiki.

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā manawa, i waena o nā ʻenehana e kū nei a me nā pono, nā pono o ke kila, ma ke ʻano he halihali ukana no nā hale, lōʻihi loa a oʻo hoʻi, a he hale kūkulu kūpono.

ʻO nā hale i ʻoi aku i kekahi mau papahele a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe e lilo i hale kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaka a i ʻole ka helu o nā papahele o nā hale kiʻekiʻe e ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāina, a ʻaʻohe kūlana paʻa loa a koʻikoʻi hoʻi.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou i nā hōkele, nā keʻena o nā keʻena, nā hale kūʻai a me nā hale ʻē aʻe.